Wednesday, October 17, 2007

给ath/if_ath_pci.c 打补丁

Madwifi - Magic Linux wiki

给ath/if_ath_pci.c 打补丁

由于无线网卡种类繁多,MadWifi可能不能识别所有使用Atheros芯片的无线网卡(如DLink的DWL-G650+A),这时您可以试试给ath/if_ath_pci.c打上补丁,使得MadWifi”认识“您的网卡。

首先通过lspci -n找出无线网卡的PCI ID:

lspci -n

在结果中找到和lspci -v对应的项:

07:00.0 0200: 168c:001a (rev 01)

其中168c:001a即为无线网卡的PCI ID。

修改ath/if_ath_pci.c,在__devinitdata结构加上您的无线网卡的PCI ID项:

static struct pci_device_id ath_pci_id_table[] __devinitdata = {
{ 0x168c, 0x0007, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID },
{ 0x168c, 0x0012, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID },
{ 0x168c, 0x0013, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID },
{ 0xa727, 0x0013, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID }, /* 3com */
{ 0x10b7, 0x0013, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID }, /* 3com 3CRDAG675 */
{ 0x10b7, 0x001a, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID }, /* DLINK DWL-G650+A */
{ 0x168c, 0x1014, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID }, /* IBM minipci 5212 */
{ 0x168c, 0x1014, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID }, /* IBM minipci 5212 */
{ 0x168c, 0x101a, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID }, /* some Griffin-Lite */
....

保存文件后,重新编译安装madwifi,并重启计算机。

Tuesday, October 16, 2007

年轻漂亮MM想嫁有钱人,金融家的回复令人拍案叫绝 - 文学城

年轻漂亮MM想嫁有钱人,金融家的回复令人拍案叫绝 - 文学城

 一个年轻漂亮的美国女孩在美国一家大型网上论坛金融版上发表了这样一个问题帖:我怎样才能嫁给有钱人?

  “我下面要说的都是心里话。本人25岁,非常漂亮,是那种让人惊艳的漂亮,谈吐文雅,有品位,想嫁给年薪 50万美元的人。你也许会说我贪心,但在纽约年薪100万才算是中产,本人的要求其实不高。

   这个版上有没有年薪超过 50万的人?你们都结婚了吗?我想请教各位一个问题——怎样才能嫁给你们这样的有钱人?我约会过的人中,最有钱的年薪 25万,这似乎是我的上限。要住进纽约中心公园以西的高尚住宅区,年薪25万远远不够。我是来诚心诚意请教的。有几个具体的问题:一、有钱的单身汉一般都 在哪里消磨时光? (请列出酒吧、饭店、健身房的名字和详细地址。)二、我应该把目标定在哪个年龄段?三、为什么有些富豪的妻子看起来相貌平平?我见过有 些女孩,长相如同白开水,毫无吸引人的地方,但她们却能嫁入豪门。而单身酒吧里那些迷死人的美女却运气不佳。四、你们怎么决定谁能做妻子,谁只能做女朋 友? (我现在的目标是结婚。)”——波尔斯女士

  下面是一个华尔街金融家的回帖:

  “亲爱的波尔斯:我怀着极大的兴趣看完了贵帖,相信不少女士也有跟你类似的疑问。让我以一个投资专家的身份,对你的处境做一分析。我年薪超过50万,符合你的择偶标准,所以请相信我并不是在浪费大家的时间。

   从生意人的角度来看,跟你结婚是个糟糕的经营决策,道理再明白不过,请听我解释。抛开细枝末节,你所说的其实是一笔简单的“财”“貌”交易:甲方提供述 人的外表,乙万出钱,公平交易,童叟无欺。但是,这里有个致命的问题,你的美貌会消逝,但我的钱却不会无缘无故减少。事实上,我的收入很可能会逐年涕增. 而你不可能一年比一年漂亮。

  因此,从经济学的角度讲,我是增值资产,你是贬值资产,不但贬值,而且是加速贬值!你现在25,在未来的五年里,你仍可以保持窈窕的身段,俏丽的容貌,虽然每年略有退步。但美貌消逝的速度会越来越快,如果它是你仅有的资产,十年以后你的价值甚忧。

   用华尔街术语说,每笔交易都有一个仓位,跟你交往属于“交易仓位”(tradingl position),一旦价值下跌就要立即抛售,而不宜长期持有——也就是你想要的婚姻。听起来很残忍,但对一件会加速贬值的物资,明智的选择是租赁,而 不是购入。年薪能超过50万的人,当然都不是傻瓜,因此我们只会跟你交往,但不会跟你结婚。所以我劝你不要苦苦寻找嫁给有钱人的秘方。顺便说一句,你倒可 以想办法把自己变成年薪50万的人,这比碰到一个有钱的傻瓜的胜算要大。

  希望我的回帖能对你有帮助。如果你对“租赁”感兴趣,请跟我联系。”——罗波.坎贝尔(J·P·摩根银行多种产业投资顾问)

Wednesday, October 10, 2007

madwifi - ath_pci: cannot reserve PCI memory region

(http://martin.wojtczyk.de/index.php?title=Leonardo1#Installation_of_the_madwifi_driver)

After the installation of the madwifi driver it seemed that there was still a memory allocation error:
ath_pci: cannot reserve PCI memory region

According to http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/archive/41/2004/08/4/189870 I modified the file /usr/src/linux/drivers/pcmcia/yenta.c in function yenta_allocate_res from:

mask = ~0xfff;

to:

mask = ~0xffff;

to increase the granularity of the memory allocation. Afterwards the ath0 device came up properly.

Atheros 802.11g PCMCIA card

Atheros 802.11g PCMCIA card

I have a couple of no-name 802.11g PCMCIA/Cardbus cards, which I use in two different laptops, both running Debian Linux (testing). They are marked “WLB2054PCM” on the front, and “Model GL245401-1A1” and “FCC ID: 07J-GL245401-1A1” on the back.

The card is identified by cardctl as:

product info: "Atheros Communications, Inc.", "AR5001-0000-0000", "Wireless LAN Reference Card", "00"
manfid: 0x0271, 0x0012
function: 6 (network)

and by lspci as:

0000:02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Atheros Communications, Inc. AR5212 802.11abg NIC (rev 01)

The Atheros chip-set is supported by the madwifi driver, which is not a part of the standard Linux kernel, but it can be downloaded from http://sourceforge.net/projects/madwifi/. For me it compiled and installed without a hitch.

When the driver is loaded, it gives this output:

PCI: Enabling device 02:00.0 (0000 -> 0002)
ath_pci: cache line size not set; forcing 32
ath0: mac 5.9 phy 4.3 5ghz radio 4.6
ath0: 11b rates: 1Mbps 2Mbps 5.5Mbps 11Mbps
ath0: 11g rates: 1Mbps 2Mbps 5.5Mbps 11Mbps 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 24Mbps 36Mbps 48Mbps 54Mbps
ath0: 802.11 address: 00:03:2f:1e:33:72
ath0: Atheros 5212: mem=0x20000000, irq=3

As is evident, the card comes up as ath0, not as ethN.

The card is not known to the pcmcia-cs tools, so I had to add it manually to /etc/pcmcia/config-2.4 by adding these two stanzas:

device "atheros"
class "network" module "ath_pci"

card "Atheros WiFi card"
manfid: 0x0271, 0x0012
bind "atheros"

This causes the driver to load automatically when the card is inserted into the laptop.

I had added a stanza for ath0 to /etc/network/interfaces, but the card was still not configured automatically when inserted, even if the driver was loaded. I had hotplug installed on one of the laptops but not on the other, but neither hotplug would ifup the card without some manual intervention. After some research I discovered that if I added the following to /etc/network/interfaces, hotplug would configure it automatically when it was inserted:

mapping hotplug
script grep
map ath0

With all this in place, the card works perfectly. I have still, after well over a month of using it continuously, to experience a problem, a dropped association or a lock-up.

UPDATE 2004-08-06:
I just updated to the latest driver, with no problem whatsoever. The output was:

wlan: 0.8.3.0 (EXPERIMENTAL)
ath_hal: 0.9.11.6
ath_pci: 0.9.3.1 (EXPERIMENTAL)
ath0: 11b rates: 1Mbps 2Mbps 5.5Mbps 11Mbps
ath0: 11g rates: 1Mbps 2Mbps 5.5Mbps 11Mbps 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 24Mbps 36Mbps 48Mbps 54Mbps
ath0: mac 5.9 phy 4.3 5ghz radio 4.6
ath0: 802.11 address: 00:03:2f:1e:33:72
ath0: Use hw queue 0 for WME_AC_BE traffic
ath0: Use hw queue 1 for WME_AC_BK traffic
ath0: Use hw queue 2 for WME_AC_VI traffic
ath0: Use hw queue 3 for WME_AC_VO traffic
ath0: Atheros 5212: mem=0x20000000, irq=3

19 Responses to “Atheros 802.11g PCMCIA card”

  1. era Says:

    It took me a while to figure out that I needed to install the hotplug package in order for the mapping thing to do its magic.

    Your page is the only place where I’ve seen this mentioned — thanks a million for this information!

    I took the liberty to add a link from http://madwifiwiki.thewebho…

  2. Nate Bargmann Says:

    I spent a couple of hours Googling around until I found this page. I am running Debian Testing with kernel 2.4.26-1-686 on an IBM TP-390E trying to load a Linksys WPC55AG and was getting the following key lines in syslog:

    cardmgr[XXX]: unsupported card in socket 0
    .
    .
    .
    kernel: PCI: No IRQ known for interrupt Pin A of device. Please try using pci-biosirq.
    kernel: ath_pci: cannot reserve PCI memory region
    kernel: ath_pci: No devices found, drivers not installed.

    For some reason I started poking around in my /etc/default/pcmcia script and saw that I had PCIC="i82365" and tried setting it to "yenta_socket". That failed so I searched the Debian packages page and found that the yenta_socket driver is in the kernel-pcmcia-modules-2.4.26-1-686 package which replaces pcmcia-modules-2.4.26-1-686 which I had installed. After installing the kernel PCMCIA modules and editing /etc/defaults/pcmcia to PCIC="yenta_socket" and starting /etc/init.d/pcmcia the modules loaded successfully and the card is powered.

    Please note with regard to editing the pcmcia-cs scripts as shown above:

    At the bottom of the /etc/pcmcia/config-2.4 script there is a line that sources ./*.conf for local drivers. So I created atheros.conf and added the new stanzas there. By the way, my cardmgr complained about the colon following manfid so my line looks like this:

    manfid 0×0271, 0×0012

    I have pcmcia-cs 3.2.5-8 installed.

    I hope this helps others that are getting the same error. Apparently, only the kernel PCMCIA modules will allow this card’s IRQ to be seen when using the yenta_socket.o driver.

  3. Nate Bargmann Says:

    BTW, lspci shows this card as:

    0000:81:00.0 Ethernet controller: Atheros Communications, Inc. AR5212 802.11abg NIC (rev 01)

    and if it is in slot 1 the hex ID is 0000:82:00.0

  4. Khipset Says:

    I have a D-Link DWL-AG660 that has an Atheros based chipset. I use it on my IBM Thinkpad 600E laptop. I compiled and installed madwifi. The install goes fine, and the card has 2 indicators on it: link and activity. The Link light comes on and stays on (usually in windows it blinks with the activity). I do an ifconfig ath0 and it outputs:
    /qoute
    ath0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0D:88:A2:3C:D9
    BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
    RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
    TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
    collisions:0 txqueuelen:199
    RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
    Interrupt:11 Memory:d2c40000-d2c50000
    /qoute

    and reading the dmesg output:
    /qoute
    ath_pci: cache line size not set; forcing 4
    ath0: 11a rates: 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 24Mbps 36Mbps 48Mbps 54Mbps
    ath0: 11b rates: 1Mbps 2Mbps 5.5Mbps 11Mbps
    ath0: 11g rates: 1Mbps 2Mbps 5.5Mbps 11Mbps 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 24Mbps 36Mbps 48Mbps 54Mbps
    ath0: turbo rates: 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 24Mbps 36Mbps 48Mbps 54Mbps
    ath0: 802.11 address: 00:0d:88:a2:3c:d9
    ath0: Atheros 5212: mem=0×12c00000, irq=11
    /qoute
    It looks fine, now if I go to do anything with the card I get a seg fault. 2 Examples here:
    setting the channel with iwconfig using the command "iwconfig ath0 channel 4"
    now looking at the dmesg output again:
    /qoute
    Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 00000000
    printing eip:
    00000000
    *pde = 00000000
    Oops: 0000
    CPU: 0
    EIP: 0010:[<00000000>] Tainted: P
    EFLAGS: 00210292
    eax: c3603da4 ebx: d0c86000 ecx: c3603d82 edx: d2bf4094
    esi: c3603ebc edi: c3603da4 ebp: d0c86000 esp: c3603d50
    ds: 0018 es: 0018 ss: 0018
    Process iwconfig (pid: 1587, stackpage=c3603000)
    Stack: d2bec182 d0c86000 c3603da4 c3603d80 c3603d82 c3603ebc c3603d82 c0139be8
    00000301 d1eac310 c0139c0f c3603ea8 00140000 00140014 00140014 00140014
    00140014 000f0021 0021000f 00000021 00140000 00000000 00000000 00000000
    Call Trace: [] [] [] [] []
    [] [] [] [] [] []
    [] [] [] [] [] []

    Code: Bad EIP value.
    /qoute
    same thing happens if I try to bring the card up in ifconfig, or if I try to set an address and netmask

  5. Mabuse Says:

    These are the commands that work for me to manually enable the card with WEP128. This was the easiest way to get it working even if it isnt hotpluggable. I put it into my network config startup scripts. You obviously need dhcp-isc and madwifi installed and ya need to use your own key and essid

    ifconfig ath0 up
    iwconfig ath0 mode managed
    iwconfig ath0 nick "Netgear"
    iwconfig ath0 channel 9
    iwconfig ath0 key hexvalofkeywithout0x
    iwconfig ath0 essid "your ssid"
    dhclient

  6. Payday Loans Says:

    Nice post…. Keep on blogging…

  7. David BL Says:

    Current system:
    - Linux skipper 2.6.12rackit (Debian unstable)

    Tested on kernel 2.6.12 with built in pcmcia modules - Worked like a charm!!

    Tested with:
    * Dlink DWL-G650 (w3)
    * TopCom wifi card

    Did following steps:

    1) grabbed kernel 2.6.12
    => make xconfig
    a) made sure hotplug was cheched
    b) added pcmcia/cardbus support
    c) added wireless drivers
    d) add rest - it’s selfexplaining…
    => compiled and booted up in kernel 2.6.12

    2) Fetched Madwifi (from CVS)
    a) did a make
    b) then a make install

    3) Checked pcmcia loaded the card correct
    a) lspci -v (look for ethernet Atheros)

    4) Loaded madwifi module
    a) modprobe ath_pci
    b) Chekc dmesg for info

    5) loaded up wifi card
    a) ifconfig ath0 up

    Thats that, it’s running….
    So sweet, and since i last tested madwifi theres no hangup’s in the driver anymore… (had some problems with kismet)

    Let’s try finding something…

    Installed Kismet, (grap latest with madwifi support)
    Edited /etc/kismet/kismet.conf where it says something about source=changeme::
    to
    source=madwifi_ab,ath0,D-Link

    don’t forget to change suid to some user and then load up kismet with root.

    Bam, Kismet running and pop, it found a AP in no time (thanks to all the public AP’s *chugs*)

    Found the following:
    SSID: NETGEAR (no WEP)
    CHANNEL: 11

    Let’s connect to it then…

    iwconfig mode managed
    iwconfig channel 11
    iwconfig nick "Bogus"
    iwconfig essid "NETGEAR"

    Check "iwconfig ath0" respons with a line like this:

    Access Point: xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx

    Where xx is numbers and letters (this means that you have reached the AP’s MAC address.) If the line looks like FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF then you haven’t connected right. Redo the iwconfig steps and perhsps check ifconfig that ath0 is up.

    Well now i was connected…

    So did a dhclient ath0

    Got a ip and checked i could ping the gateway/router…

    That’s it… Setup/discover/connect - USE!! :D

    Hope this short guide can help someone else with the hole "wifi" stuff under linux.

    (Note, discover senario was fictive)

    Questions, or thanks are all welcome ;) Just mail me and i’ll help ya out.

  8. Mikey Says:

    Hi,

    I’ve been running linux for almost a year now, so I guess I’m still a newby, but no stranger to hacking till it works. RH9 on the laptop, FC3 on the desktop.

    I have the D-Link DWL-G650 HW Rev C2
    Running on a StinkPad 600E.
    RedHat 9
    madwifi (from the CVS downloaded a couple days ago) put everything here:
    /lib/modules/2.4.20-31.9custom/net/
    Custom kernel, I presume because it is a ThinkPad with working MWave and sound.

    Before I tried this card, I had a Xircom ethernet wired adapter that worked like it is supposed to.

    Now for my issue:
    I can get the card running (I’m typing thru it now) by using a bash script to insmod the drivers manually. I don’t see ath0 in the GUI network config, but it does show with lspci iwconfig, ifconfig, and cardctl just like the above.

    I don’t seem to have this file: /etc/network/interfaces
    Should I just create it? Is there another file that does the same thing?

    Any thoughts would be appreciated.
    Dr.Mikey(at)weeg.org

  9. bitcmos Says:

    I appended a line at the bottom of /etc/modprobe.conf to get it to show up on Fedora Core 4 with the GUI network config.

    /etc/modprobe.conf
    ….
    alias ath0 ath_pci

    I think /etc/network/interfaces is used in other flavors as thats what I use to configure networking in Debian. You are going to want to look in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts for files that look this: ifcfg-. Eg. ifcfg-eth0 and ifcfg-ath0.

    —–

    I think I am pretty close too. I just installed the madwifi drivers with FC4 for the D-Link DWL-G510 and when I run

    # iwlist ath0 scan

    I am able to see the wireless G access point I am trying to connect to but when I try

    # ifup wlan0

    it fails with

    Determining IP information for ath0… failed.

    a tail of /var/log/messages gives

    No DHCPOFFERS recieved.

    here is detailed output of iwlist:

    Cell 01 - Address: 00:0C:41:DC:4E:17
    ESSID:"linksys"
    Mode:Master
    Frequency:2.437 GHz (Channel 6)
    Quality=32/94 Signal level=-63 dBm Noise level=-95 dBm
    Encryption key:on
    Bit Rate:1 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:2 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:5 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:6 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:9 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:11 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:12 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:18 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:24 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:36 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:48 Mb/s
    Bit Rate:54 Mb/s
    Extra:bcn_int=100
    Here is my config file:
    /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-wlan0

    IPV6INIT=no
    ONBOOT=no
    USERCTL=yes
    PEERDNS=yes
    TYPE=Wireless
    DEVICE=ath0
    BOOTPROTO=dhcp
    HWADDR=00:11:95:BE:A1:D9
    IPADDR=
    NETMASK=
    GATEWAY=
    DOMAIN=
    DHCP_HOSTNAME=
    ESSID=linksys
    CHANNEL=6
    MODE=Managed
    RATE=54Mb/s
    IWPRIV="authmode 2"

    the access point is using 64bit WEP encription I used the GUI tools to enter the key and I have also tried adding it as a line in the config file.

    KEY="0000000000"

    Either way I cannot establish an IP address for this card;

    #ifup ath0

    always fails. I’ve read through lots of logs. Most people say they are really happy with these drivers and they just work. I know I am so close any help would be greatly appreciated.

    Thank you.

  10. bitcmos Says:

    Solved! Just needed the correct WEP key. Heh. BTW the GUI tools in FC4 put the keys in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
    keys-ath0

    Good luck with your wireless cards!

    DLink DWL-G510 ver. B works with FC4, yeah!

  11. Marc Says:

    Would anyone know where I could find a driver which would work with a 3Com pcmcia model 3CRPAG175 card ?

  12. Rich Kosiba Says:

    I have a DWL-G650 revision B with Wireless Tools v27 and Extension v17 on a 2.6.10 kernel.

    I’ve followed the directions here. I’m getting wifi0 by default, not ath0. When I try to use iwconfig (ie. iwconfig wifi0 mode managed) I get an "Invalid argument" error. Doesn’t matter what I try to do with iwconfig I get similar errors. iwlist wifi0 scan tells me the interface doesn’t support scanning.

    The device shows up correctly in lspci, and I do have a wifi0 device.

    /var/lib/pcmcia/stab tells me that Socket 0 is empty. On the other hand, cardctl info is telling me that there is an Atheros AR5001-0000-0000 with manfid 0271,0012.

    I’m a little confused. Can anyone offer any suggestions?

  13. van-router Says:

    Could anyone with THIS ->
    "DLink DWL-G510 ver.B"
    configured in Ad-hoc mode or AP kindly dump here the output of:
    $ iwconfig ath0
    $ ifconfig ath0

    Please, badly needed, save my hairs :)

  14. Chris Says:

    Rich,

    You should be able to run wlanconfig ath0 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode sta. This will create an alias for you and make the computer available for wireless.

  15. Alex Says:

    Hey, I’ve just upgraded my madwifi driver using Gentoo’s emerge tool (emerge -va madwifi-driver) and the Master and Monitor modes don’t work anymore. It worked a few minutes ago flawlessly.

    The old package was net-wireless/madwifi-driver-0.1_pre20050420 it worked.
    The new package is net-wireless/madwifi-driver-0.1420.20060201 and I can’t set the mode to Master or Monitor.

    When I use iwconfig to set the mode I now get the following error:

    vez ~ # iwconfig ath0 mode master
    Error for wireless request "Set Mode" (8B06) :
    SET failed on device ath0 ; Invalid argument.

    Using iwpriv, I can successfully list the ioctl calls supported by the card.

    The command iwlist gives an error when I try to scan:

    vez ~ # iwlist ath0 scan
    ath0 Interface doesn’t support scanning : Invalid argument

    The interface ath0 exists and is listed with ‘iwconfig’.

    I tried Chris’ tip to run wlanconfig, but it doesn’t make a difference.

    What could be the problem? Does the new driver have known problems?

  16. Alex Says:

    Should have taken a look over the Gentoo forums first. ;)

    wlanconfig must be used now to set the proper mode with the newer madwifi driver. Works like a charm.

    If anyone else run into this post looking for an answer, please refer to:

    http://forums.gentoo.org/vi…
    http://forums.gentoo.org/vi…

  17. Aleksander Adamowski Says:

    I have a DWL-G650 cardbus card, and have discovered (after long hours of trying) thet wpa_supplicant works only if I set it to scan by itself, rather than let the driver do the scanning (ap_scan=1).

  18. Brian Wolfe Says:

    Got the AirLink 101 model AWLC4030 working nicely with WPA-PSK and TPIK encryption.
    This is a cardbus card 3v

    I used make-kpkg in debian to compile modules from the madwifi project.

    It all went togeather VERY easilly and nicely.

    To automate WPA-PSK I setup a config file as /etc/wpa.conf and added wpa_supplicant to /etc/ntwork/interfaces as a pre-up script.

  19. Brian Wolfe Says:

    oh yeah, I had to specify -D madwifi -c /etc/wpa.conf -i ath0 in network/interfaces

Leave a Reply

You must be logged in to post a comment.

Loading Via Serial Port Viewsat PRO! - Satellite and FTA Forums

Loading Via Serial Port Viewsat PRO! - Satellite and FTA Forums

As always use these instructions at your own risk!!!!!!!

Loading a Factory File
1) Make sure the VSPro is off.
2) Connect is to the COM port of your Computer
3) Start the VSPROLoader Program
4) Verify that your Com port setting is correct
5) Click "Connect"
6) Click "Upload to STB"
7) For Files types click on "All types" so that the ".opt"
files are avaiable
8) Select the VIEWSAT_VSPRO_V100.opt file or most current one
9) You'll get a new Dialog that says "Reset your STB(s)"
10) Turn on our VSPro
11) You'll get a new Dialog that says "Check displayed message
('Loader or 'mon') on the front panel, then press the OK button."
12) Verify that the front the receiver says "non" and then click OK
13) It will start reflashing by erasing the memory.
14) It should say step (1 of 2). The second step takes the longest
so don't worry if it seems like it is taking awhile.
15) Once it finishes it will say that the operation is Complete/Successful

Loading a ".all" file
1) Make sure the VSPro is off.
2) Connect is to the COM port of your Computer
3) Start the VSPROLoader Program
4) Verify that your Com port setting is correct
5) Click "Connect"
6) Click "Upload to STB"
7) Select the ".all" file that you wish to load
8) You'll get a new Dialog that says "Reset your STB(s)"
9) Turn on our VSPro
10) You'll get a new Dialog that says "Check displayed message
('Loader or 'mon') on the front panel, then press the OK button."
11) Verify that the front the receiver says "non" and then click OK
12) It will start reflashing by erasing the memory.
13) It should say step (1 of 4). The fourth step takes the longest
so don't worry if it seems like it is taking awhile.
14) Once it finishes it will say that the operation is Complete/Successful!OK

Greetings..........

Monday, October 8, 2007

火鸡配方

火鸡配方,合6-10人聚会
材料:火鸡15磅左右
什菜:红罗卜2条,洋葱2个,西芹3条均切大块
腌料:盐2汤匙,黑椒粉1。5汤匙,蒜粉1汤匙,红酒2汤匙,生粉2茶匙,生油2汤匙

火鸡解冻洗净用towel paper 抹干,将腌料搽匀内外,腌1天。火鸡杂料切细,用butter爆香干葱蒜茸加入杂料炒透,加水及stuffing mix .(量参考说明,亦可生炒糯米)搅匀塞入火鸡肚子,用铁针缝合鸡皮,表面抹满油。什菜放入烤盘,加3杯水,火鸡胸朝上置于盘中的rack上,锡纸抹油盖 上,450F烤15分钟,turn to 375F烤1。5小时,除去锡纸turn to 300F烤1小时,这1小时之内每隔15分钟表皮搽油或啤酒,及翻个,最后2次抹蜂蜜,至熟透取出。若期间盘中汤汁收干需补充水。

Thursday, October 4, 2007

林彪与陈赓 究竟是谁浪得虚名? - 文学城

林彪与陈赓 究竟是谁浪得虚名? - 文学城

林彪和陈赓,一个是共和国的元帅,一个是共和国的大将,皆为中国人民解放军的高级军事将领,一个是1907年出生在湖北 省黄冈县,一个是1903年出生于湖南省湘乡县,一个原名本不叫林彪,而是有一个非常女性化的名字林育蓉,一个原名本不叫陈赓,而是有一个渴望富庶安康的 名字陈庶康。1924年,陈赓前脚进入黄埔军校第一期学习军事,翌年,林彪后脚就进入黄埔军校第四期学习军事,俩人可谓是同出黄埔一门的师兄弟。



  说起他俩的性格,有如水火,相差很大。师兄陈赓性格外向,幽默风趣。师弟林彪性格内向,寡言少语。虽然有着不同的性格,但这对师兄弟却都选择了相同的革命道路,并在1927年参加了由中国共产党领导的向国民党反动派打响的第一枪---南昌起义。

[ 转自铁血社区 http://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]



  南昌起义以后,师兄陈赓赴上海在中共中央机关做情报工作,在第二次国内革命战争时期,在鄂豫皖苏区参加了中国共产党领导的武装革命斗争,期间的最高军事职务是担任中国工农红军第四方面军的主力师红十二师师长,率领所部参加了鄂豫皖苏区反围剿的军事作战。 



  与师兄陈赓九死一生找党和严词拒绝蒋介石高官厚禄招降的感人事迹相比,南昌起义后的师弟林彪,一度 对中国革命失去了信心,对红旗能否再扛下去产生了动摇,差一点彻底成为革命的逃兵,只是苦于无奈又回到了革命的队伍,最终随朱德上了井冈山,与毛主席领导 的部队会师,开始了在井冈山革命根据地参加武装革命斗争的经历,期间的最高军事职务是担任中国工农红军第一方面军红一军团军团长,率领所部参加了中央苏区 反围剿的军事作战。



  毫无疑问,在第二次国内革命战争时期,无论是林彪还是陈赓,做为红军的高级军事人员,都曾经率领部队出色的执行了战役计划,俩人在实战中,正在为自已储存着宝贵的军事指挥经验,正逐渐提高自我的军事指挥能力,为以后独立指挥部队作战创造必备的条件。



  在中央苏区的第五次反围剿作战失败以后,林彪和陈赓都参加了举世瞩目的万里长征。长征一结束,在长 征中曾与毛主席有过不同意见的林彪,即被调离了红一军团军团长的职位,去担任红军大学的校长,这样的经历,到是很像他的师兄陈赓,所不同的是,陈赓是因为 在鄂豫皖苏区与敌作战时负伤,在上海疗伤归队以后,是初到中央苏区工作,被安排在红军步兵学校担任校长一职。



  面对自已在军中的职位被如此变更,林彪很快就意识到自已已身处十分尴尬的境地。于是,在陕北轰轰烈烈的批判张国焘运动之时,借着机会大大的表现了一回忠心,因为是根红苗正的老井冈嫡系出身,很快又获得了毛主席的宠信和重用。



  这对同出一个师门的兄弟,在陕北结束了红军时期的战斗历程,烽火中迎来了中华民族的抗日战争。这 时,重获宠信的师弟林彪担任了八路军第115师师长,师兄陈赓则回到了红四方面军部队组建的八路军第129师,担任了129师第386旅旅长,俩人随部东 渡黄河开赴抗日战场,开始了抗日战争的军事生涯。

[ 转自铁血社区 http://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]



  在抗日战争中,师弟林彪指挥部队只打了平型关和广阳两个伏击战,就因为被友军的哨兵误伤,过早的退 出了领军指挥的行列,只是因为平型关之战是我党领导下的武装对日本侵略军的第一个胜仗,因为特殊的原因,受到了重点的宣传,被誉为打破了日军不可战胜的神 话,一夜之间,林彪的“常胜将军”美名传遍神州,他仅以一个难度最小的伏击战,却赢得了广为人知的威名,这样的结果,就像许海峰在奥运会上夺取首面金牌的 情况一样,实属三生有幸。



  与师弟林彪幸得的威名相比,师兄陈赓的名气就显的逊色的多,尽管陈赓率领着部队参加了抗日战争中的 无数次作战,尽管这支部队在与日军作战中取得了出色的战绩,被日军视为头号的眼中钉,急欲除掉而快之,成为在抗日战争中歼敌数量最多的我军部队,可对比林 彪得到的名气,这些出色的战绩,换来的还是于事无补,这就好比一位运动员经过不懈的努力,以后拼得的奥运数金,怎么也无法比那个幸得的首金的情况一样。这 一次,师弟林彪简直是太幸运了,但这次的幸运还不算什么,等着他的大幸运还在后头了。



  1942年2月,从苏联疗伤回来以后的林彪,在延安担任了抗日军政大学校长(这可是林总第二次当校 长了,呵呵),始终没有再到一线统兵领军与日军作战,在脱离一线作战的闲散中,走完了他的抗日战争历程,一直到全国的抗日战争取得全面胜利以后,国内的阶 级矛盾再一次摆在了首要的位置上,国民党仰仗着军事上的优势,更是把和谈当成了聋子的耳朵,内战一触即发,已成不可避免之事,这个深受毛主席宠信的人,被 指派到东北去主持工作,相比我军其他的高级军事指挥员,林彪有幸获得了一块令人十分羡慕的、最肥最好的舞台。



  林彪所处的这个舞台不仅背靠苏联,在东北又从苏军手中接收了大量的武器弹药及其它物资,而且在我军 内部得到了最优秀的配置,这是可以从各战区精选抽调出十几万部队和两万多基干去东北就能看的十分清楚,何况在林彪的周围又配置了罗荣桓、彭真、陈云、高 岗、程子华、黄克诚、萧劲光、曾克林和萧华等政治、经济、后勤的高手辅之,且又有我党在东北的地方组织和抗联的鼎力奉献,相比其它战区,在部队及解放区的 建设上,可谓是得天独厚,想不发展都难,在解放战争之初,手中就已十分现成的拥有几十万大军,在东北战场的开局就对国军占有优势,这在全国的其他战场是做 梦也不敢去想的美事,也是在全国各个战场中的唯一特例。



  可是,在如此优势的战局中,林彪统率的大军,竟然被身处劣势的国军,从山海关一路撵到冰城哈尔滨, 这之中丢城失地,损兵折将,败仗连连,万般无奈中十分难堪地撤至松花江以北,开创了我军以多打少惨遭失败的记录。现在想想,当时如果是换上彭德怀、徐向 前、粟裕、刘伯承、贺龙和陈赓当中的任何一个人去东北,在拥有这么好的优势开局下,都会比林彪干的结果要好的多。



  正当师弟林彪在东北战场取得不佳战绩时,师兄陈赓在山西以自已经过多年打拼出来的部队为主,开始了 解放战争的军事生涯。在解放战争之初,接连指挥部队发起并取得了闻夏 、同蒲和临浮战役的胜利。在临浮战役中,全歼了号称“天下第一旅”的国民党军整编第一旅,活捉了中将旅长黄正诚。随后,又指挥部队接连发起并取得了吕梁、 汾孝和晋南战役的胜利。与师弟林彪这时的不爽战绩相比,师兄陈赓则是以一连串的胜利取得了梦幻般的开局。

[ 转自铁血社区 http://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]



  1947年,中央军委要求陈赓率领部队西渡黄河驰援陕北,对此,陈赓提出了不同的看法,认为西渡黄 河驰援陕北不如南渡黄河驰援中原战局更为急迫和更有价值,中央听取了陈赓的正确建议后,改变了初衷。1947年7月,陈赓率领部队南渡黄河,挺进豫陕鄂地 区,一时间打乱了敌人的军事布署,吸引和牵制了大量敌军,有力的策应了兄弟部队,激活了中原战局。同时,面对猛扑过来的敌军,陈赓从容的指挥部队先在潼 (关)洛(阳)间往返作战,后转至伏牛山麓,实施灵活的牵牛战术,歼灭李铁军,开辟豫陕鄂解放区,与陈粟、刘邓大军遥相呼应,呈品字摆开,逐鹿中原。这支 名义上是兵团级的野战大军,在陈赓率领下,长期肩负着战略机动任务,在人民解放战争中起到了很大的作用。



  与师兄陈赓正确的军事观点相比,北逃至松花江以北的师弟林彪明显存在着差距。如在是否坚持南满的关 键时刻,林彪竟然同意南满我军北上北满,这就等于同意了放弃南满,幸亏此时陈云同志力主坚持南满,并得到了中央的认同,我军才有了坚持南满的四保临江之 战,东北战局才有了咸鱼翻身的机会,否则,东北战局将会进一步的恶化,后果将不堪设想。



  其实,林彪狭隘的军事观点在以前就曾有过。长征路上的四渡赤水之战,被毛主席认为是其军事生涯的得 意之作,林彪却无知的讥笑毛主席的战术是只识走弓背,不知走弓弦,甚至闹出了要毛主席离开军事领导岗位的会理风波,气的毛主席反讥他:“你还是个娃娃,你 懂什么?!”在初到陕北之时,毛主席提出了东征,到抗日前线去,但林彪却得出到陕南打游击的荒唐论调。在解放战争时期的东北战场,林彪抵触甚至是抗拒毛主 席提出的南下北宁线,发起辽沈战役的正确主张,目光短浅的提出了攻取长春的方案,结果是长春没有攻下来,碰了一鼻子灰,在毛主席的“连踢带骂”下,极不情 愿的踏上了南下北宁线的正确道路,这与师兄陈赓把中央的西渡黄河变为南渡黄河的正确观点形成了鲜明的对比,难怪陈赓对东北我军长期低效的作战愤然不平,二 者孰高孰低,一目了然。



  让这对师兄弟直接一争高下的大战在南线大追歼时终于爆发了。这时,陈谢大军与四野一起进军两广云南,陈赓与林彪有了直接共事的经历。



  陈赓率领部队自渡江作战以来,以果断神速的追歼战令人赞叹不已,至1949年10月9日,其先锋已 直指广州。可是,这时林彪却电令陈赓停止南攻广州,西行入桂至湘桂地区合围白崇禧集团。接到电令以后,陈赓经过慎重考虑,认为如果此时转兵桂林,不仅将会 丧失歼灭广州余汉谋兵团的大好时机,而且部队距离桂林路途遥远,这样去进行阻击白崇禧集团效果肯定不佳,况且在拿下广州以后,可以直取南宁,扩大战果。于 是,陈赓把自已的想法电告中央军委,中央军委和毛主席收到陈赓的电报以后,认为陈赓的决策对战局有利,表示支持。



  于是,陈赓率领部队直取广州。驻扎在广州的余汉谋率部仓惶西窜,陈赓遂立刻命令部队乘胜追歼逃敌, 可就在这节骨眼上,却突然收到了林彪令其停止追击的电令。对此,陈赓认为,如果此时放弃对广州逃敌的追击,如同放虎归山,势必会给我军以后的作战带来困 难。于是,起草了继续追击逃敌的电报并发往各军。恰在这时,毛主席专门给陈赓发来了电报,内容竟与陈赓的决定不谋而合。

[ 转自铁血社区 http://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]



  在余汉谋兵团被歼灭以后,退守广西的白崇禧为了避免被全歼,遂命令部队迅速南撤,发动南线攻势,孤 注一掷打通南往雷州半岛的路线。此时,陈赓已做好了阻击敌人的充分准备,可又在这节骨眼上,却又突然收到林彪的电令,命其主力北上围歼鲁道源兵团,只留一 个师进行阻击。陈赓看了电报以后,认为白崇禧醉翁之意不在酒,他发动南线攻势就是为了抢夺雷州半岛的入海口,我军只留一个师怎么堵得住?这样会让敌人跑掉 的。陈赓遂向林彪提出了自已的建?全大局,陈赓将已见呈报中央军委和毛主席,毛主席亲自签署回电:"同意陈赓同志建议。"就这样,白崇禧集团成了瓮中之 鳖,落了个被全歼的下场。战后,林彪对此事无话可说,因为事实已经证明他是错的,陈赓是对的。



  受困于自已狭隘的军事观点之下的林彪,并没有因为解放战争的全面胜利发生质的改变,在全国解放以 后,其军事观点的狭隘性仍然是一如既往,这在1950年表决是否出兵朝鲜时,竟然不识大局的持有错误的反对意见,其低劣的军事主张,再一次得到了尽情的表 现。之后,不知是因为他本人借病推托(畏战?),还是因为持有反对出兵的意见被中央弃用(无能!),本该出任志愿军司令员的林彪(因林多年在和朝鲜自然条 件相似的东北地区为军事主官且首次入朝作战的志愿军部队由四野部队组成),却没有率领自已熟知的旧部入朝作战。相比师弟林彪龌龊的表现,师兄陈赓在越战中 的表现却博得了人们的尊敬。



  在本文把林彪与陈赓的军事观点分析到这个时候,可能有些朋友心中会有所不服,会拿出林彪最为善长的 伏击战来说事,孰不知伏击战是所有作战类型中最简单的一种作战方式,不过就是论起伏击战来,林彪的伏击能力也不见得比陈赓的伏击能力要高,为了能够说明问 题,我列举出他俩参加的最为典型的伏击战做个比较。



  我们就拿平型关和神头岭这两个伏击战来说。从林彪在平型关战前布置予伏来看,他竟然漏算了老爷岭这 个很关键的制高点。战斗打响以后,有一股日军很快就占据了老爷岭,这也幸亏日军是在突遭打击以后,第一时间里没有完全醒悟过来,因此,没有派更多的人去占 老爷岭,否则,后果将不堪设想。当这股日军占据了老爷岭以后,迫使我686团3营在副团长杨勇的带领下,反到向老爷岭高地开始发起了艰难的攻坚作战,一个 本是有备而来提前予伏打伏击的部队,在伏击作战中竟然出了这样的乱子,显然是十分不利的事情,686团3营在付出了惨重的代价后(有的连队打的只剩下十几 个人了),终于夺下了这块本该属于自已的高地,在此居高临下,打的日军无处躲藏。



  如今,我们再分析这个著名战斗的时候,心中不免会想,那个老爷岭踞于我军欲袭公路的北面,比路面高 出三四百米,是控制公路打伏击的绝好制高点,如果让日军占领了这个高地,反到会对我军的伏击部队造成很大的威胁,可战前曾三次到过战场进行过实地考查的林 彪,却漏算了老爷岭高地,此误无疑是给我军的实战加大了作战难度,造成了没有必要的损失,对此,林彪应负有不可推卸的责任。



  综观平型关之战,可谓是天空做美,雨后路面泥泞不堪,导致日军辎重部队行动迟缓,我战斗部队居险予 伏以多打少,袭击敌之后勤辎重部队,虽杀敌一千,却自损八百骨干,虽为胜仗,实为惨胜,一个伏击战打成如此效果,十分不爽!就连参与此战的徐海东大将在以 后的岁月中,一直沉默的面对这次战斗,淡泊到只是偶尔顺便提提的程度。

[ 转自铁血社区 http://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]



  回过头来,我们反观师兄陈赓率领部队进行的神头岭之战,打的却是可圈可点



  神头岭,确切地说是一座光秃的只有一二百米宽的山梁,我军欲袭的公路不在岭下,而在岭上的中间蜿蜒 而过,山梁狭窄崎岖,不便于大部队予伏和展开行动,实战操做起来困难很大。面对困难,陈赓对部队做了周密细致的予伏布署,使这次伏击作战达到了万无一失的 境地,在已方仅伤亡240余人的情况下,取得了毙伤敌1500余人,俘80余人的战果,让神头岭变成了日军的伤心岭,出色的完成了上级交给的伏击任务。另 外,很值得一提的是,1939年2月,陈赓指挥部队在威县香城固地区设伏诱敌,十分巧妙地歼灭了日军第10师团精锐一部,创造了平原诱伏战的模范战例。



  诚然,我军在平型关和神头岭的伏击战都是胜仗,但胜仗与胜仗之间也是有区别的,经过以上的对比,我们不难看出这两仗的伏击效率,平型关比之神头岭,可谓差之一截。



  最后,我对林元帅和陈大将在勇略方面做一个分析。



  首先,在这里特别的说一下,我要说的勇略不是单指一般的勇敢,更非匹夫之勇,而是大智之大勇也!对 于一名高级军事指挥员来说,勇略与谋略一样是评价其好坏的一个十分重要的砝码,这一智一勇是两个很重要的环节,可谓智以勇为胆而行之,勇以智为谋而行之, 两者既各自分立,又紧密地互为依托、互为影响。



  说起林彪的勇略,用难以及格来形容也为之不过。林彪生性多疑,患得患失,喜独自算计,却固执已见,虽善于总结作战经验,到时却难以接受别人的正确主张,做事过份谨慎求稳,往往会丧失难得的战机,甚至是埋下失败的隐患,他之所以这样,与其勇略欠佳有着密不可分的关系。

[ 转自铁血社区 http://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]



  其实,体现林彪勇略欠佳的例子很多,如在井冈山打黄坡伏击战时,没有果断的扩大战果。在陕北时,提 出了到陕南打游击的保守建议。在东北时,不敢力主坚持南满和“一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳”的不敢南下北宁线等等,都很说明问题,我就不一一找出来列举了。最 广为人知的是其率领优势之兵南下北宁线的途中,一听说国军增兵葫芦岛,竟又开始犹豫不前,认为是准备了一桌饭,来了两桌客人,殊不知做饭的却有三桌人,难 到还怕这两桌客人不成?!幸亏罗荣桓和刘亚楼在身边多次提醒,才不至于贻误战机,酿出大错(想想关内各战区的我军长期以少打多的情况,这点困难又算得了什 么)。1949年部队南下后,发起海南岛战役时,林彪不顾客观条件的变化,总是过为谨慎的搞小部队潜伏,在战役准备已经成熟的情况下,还不敢果断的发起总 攻,此举,引起了韩先楚将军的十分不满,导致中央的直接干涉,海南岛战役才如韩先楚将军之愿,在谷雨前发起了总攻,若不然的话,我军在海南岛上又会上演一 出金门之败的惨剧……凡此种种,无比体现了林彪的勇略欠佳。



  与师弟林彪欠佳的勇略相比,师兄陈赓却有着过人的勇略,这与他在鄂豫皖苏区的战斗经历有着密不可分 的关系,红四方面军大智大勇的亮剑精神,铸就了他的勇略之魂,为他以后的指挥作战,奠定了坚实的基础。长征时的土城之战中,面对敌众我寡且援军未到的不利 局面,陈赓果断的率领红军干部团发起反冲击,保证了党中央的安全。在抗日战争时期的榆辽战役中,指挥部队不仅沉重地打击了深入根据地腹心地区的敌人,而且 还一举攻克了榆社县城,为我军在抗战中收复县城的少有壮举。解放战争时期,他以过人的眼光和超人的胆魄,率领大军南渡黄河,挺进中原,实施战略进攻。在淮 海战役中,果断的指挥部队,在南坪集背水为阵,顽强阻击黄维兵团,为围歼黄维兵团,创造了宝贵战机。1949年率领部队打过长江以后,果断的实施远距离大 迂回的策略,进军广东,直插雷州半岛,切断了白崇禧集团的海上退路,为我军彻底歼灭白崇禧集团,提供了十分重要的必备条件。



  今天,我们追忆军事历史,重新省视林彪与陈赓的军事能力,通过多方面的祥细对比发现,林彪的军事能 力显然不及陈赓,网上有些文章将林彪列为我军的五虎大将之一,对于这样的提法,我认为有些不妥,做为我军的高级军事指挥员,林彪显然是合格的,可是与优秀 相比,还是有一定的差距,事实上彭德怀、徐向前、粟裕、刘伯承和陈赓才称得上是我军真正优秀的五虎大将

Tuesday, October 2, 2007

Fruit - 水果

almond杏仁
apple苹果
apple core苹果核
apple juice苹果汁
apple skin苹果皮
apricot杏子
apricot flesh杏肉
apricot pit杏核
areca nut槟榔子
banana香蕉
banana skin香蕉皮
bargain price廉价
beechnut山毛榉坚果
Beijing flowering crab海棠果
bilberry 越桔
bitter苦的
bitterness苦味
bitter orange酸橙
blackberry黑莓
blood orange 红橙
canned fruit罐头水果
carambola杨桃
cherry樱桃
cherry pit樱桃核
cherry pulp樱桃肉
chestnut栗子
Chinese chestnut板栗
Chinese date枣
Chinese gooseberry猕猴桃
Chinese walnut山核桃
coconut椰子
coconut milk椰奶
coconut water椰子汁
cold storage冷藏
cold store冷藏库
crisp脆的
cumquat金桔
currant 醋粟
damson plum西洋李子
Dangshan pear砀山梨
date枣
date pit枣核
decayed fruit烂果
downy pitch毛桃
dry fruit干果
duke公爵樱桃
early-maturing早熟的
fig无花果
filbert榛子
first class一等地,甲等的
flat peach蟠桃
flavour味道
flesh果肉
flesh fruit肉质果
fresh新鲜的
fresh litchi鲜荔枝
fruiterer水果商
fruit in bags袋装水果
fruit knife水果刀
fruits of the season应时水果
gingko白果,银杏
give full weigh分量准足
give short weight短斤缺两
grape葡萄
grape juice葡萄汁
grape skin葡萄皮
grapestone葡萄核
greengage青梅
Hami melon哈密瓜
Hard坚硬的
haw山楂果
hawthorn山楂
hazel榛子
honey peach水蜜桃
in season应时的
juicy多汁的
juicy peach水蜜桃
jujube枣
kernel仁
kumquat金桔
late-maturing晚熟的
lemon柠檬
litchi荔枝
litchi rind荔枝皮
longan桂圆,龙眼
longan pulp桂圆肉,龙眼肉
loguat枇杷
mandarine柑桔
mango芒果
mature成熟的
medlar 枇杷,欧查果
morello黑樱桃
mulberry 桑椹
muskmelon香瓜,甜瓜
navel orange脐橙
nectarine 油桃
nut坚果
nut meat坚果仁
nut shell坚果壳
oleaster沙枣
olive橄榄
orange柑桔
orange peel柑桔皮
papaya木瓜
peach桃子
pear梨
persimmon 柿子
pineapple菠萝
plum李子
plumcot李杏
pomegranate石榴
pomelo柚子,文旦
red bayberry杨梅
reduced price处理价
ripe成熟的
rotten fruit烂果
seasonable应时的
seedless orange无核桔
special-grade特级的
strawberry草莓
sultana无核小葡萄
superfine特级的
tangerine柑桔
tart酸的
tender嫩的
tinned fruit罐头水果
unripe未成熟的
walnut胡桃,核桃
walnut kernel核桃仁
water chestnut荸荠
watermelon西瓜

如何发掘出更多退休的钱?

如何发掘出更多退休的钱? http://bbs.wenxuecity.com/bbs/tzlc/1328415.html 按照常规的说法,退休的收入必须得有退休前的80%,或者是4% withdrawal rule,而且每年还得要加2-3%对付通胀,这是一个很大...